- for the rationalist, meanings are universal and are thus generally translatable into their various language-specific representations. The relation between thinking and speaking is thus held to be loose.
- For the relativist, thinking and speaking are more tightly bound together. Wilhelm von Humboldt saw each language as embodying a way of thinking.
- A third approach is to acknowledge that although all languages have a claim to individuality, text should still be translatable out of them. This approach is clearly pertinent for the translatability of religious, philosophical and literary texts.