The strategies

Teresa Tomaszkiewicz, the author of Audiovisual Translation, offers the strategy in film sutitling.
The strategies are:

- Omission when the cultural reference is omitted altogether
- Literar translation where the solution in the target text matches, original as closely as possible
- Borrowing where original terms from the source text are used in target text
- Equivalence where translation has a similar meaning and function as the target culture
- Adaptation where the translation is adjusted to the target language and culture in an attempt to evoke similar connotations to the original text.
- Generalisation which might also be referred to as neutralisation of original.
- Explication which usualy involes a paraphrase to explain cultural term.

The mode of translation usually limits the strategies available to translator. Teresa Tomaszkiewicz discussed eight strategies in operation in film subtitling.

Voice-over method

The third audiovisual translation is a professional voice-over which is still very important in certain countries and for certain types of videos and audiences. Voice-over is method which consists of record over the original audio which can be heard in the background, using a single voice. This method is most commonly used for documentaries, training materials but also for movies. One of advantages of voice-over translation is better focus on the action displayed (especially if there are graphics or on-screen information). In other words the voice-over is a process of replacing a narration voice track in a foreign language in a multimedia medium. This method is very popular in Poland. Lectors which are traditionally men with husky voices read all dialogue in Polish. While the lector drones on, viewers hear the original soundtrack faintly in the background. I think that most Polish people prefer to watch movie with voice-over. But I would like to point out the education value of subtitles in the process of learning a foreign language. If you learn Italian watch movies with subtitles.

Dubbing

Dubbing. I think that dubbing is a really complex job, amazing process of translation, adaptation and recording of movie or television program to create the feeling of illusion that the characters talk in the target language. People who cannot read the subtitles can always watch movies because dubbed film reach more people (I have in mind the blind people, children or dyslexics). The dubbing process is highly complex and involves many factors. The first difficulty is matching the lip movements of the actor. So we have to change the order of the words to accomplish this or find synonyms that will fit. Recording of the translated text is done a professional sound studio by professional actors or specialists of this area. After the test is recorded and specialists provide the file montage. In Italy, for example, dubbing is systematic with a tradition going back to the 1932. Dubbed movies had golden years in Mussolini’s period when the foreign language movies was banned for political reasons

                                                                            Video about dubbing

Subtitles

In audiovisual translation, subtitles, which are not preferred by Italian people, are text of movie, television program, video game usually displayed at the bottom of the screen. In my opinion, creating subtitles is not only the cheapest method of translation, but it is also usually preferred by people all around the world. They want to hear the original voices of the favourite actors. Voice-over can destroy everything. However, subtitles translation differs form what we hear. During the process of creating subtitles for a film or television program, the picture and each sentence of the audio are analyzed by the subtitle translator. Why? It is not possible to translate all sentences. Sentences of language A can be completely different from sentences of language B. In other words, the meaning is more important than the form. In addition, culturally implied meanings cannot be conveyed in the written subtitles (for example, Beh! - Italian expression which is untranslatable in another language).

Audiovisual Translation

I think that the term philology is not only the study of culture but also the study of translation. Recently, I have the opportunity to know translation strategies and techniques in Audiovisual Translation. At the beginning, I would like to start from “what does Audiovisual Translation mean?!”. Actually, Audiovisual Translation is the term which is used to refer to the transfer from one language to another of verbal components contained in audiovisual works and products. In other words, this kind of Translation deals with translation of films, television programs, Web pages or video games. Audiovisual translation is completely new field in translation studies that convers not only dubbing, but also voice-over, subtitling or surtitling. I think thay my new course of audiovisual translation will be very interesting and I hope that it will help me during my work.

If you are interested in this kind of translation, I recommend the following books:

1) "Przekład audiowizualny" Teresa Tomaszkiewicz

This book offers not only  theory of audiovisual translation but also practice of translation. The author presents the secrets of translation, considering the translation of many famous movies.

2) "Tłumaczenie filmowe w praktyce" G. Adamowicz-Grzyb

The books is intended  for anyone interested in film translation which presents the principle of creating a film version for people with impaired vision and hearing, or audio description and subtitles for the hearing impaired and the important issues of copyright.

3) "Jak redagować napisy do filmów. Abc tłumacza filmowego" G. Adamowicz-GrzybThe author tells how to avoid basic mistakes. This guide contains many examples of different films and presents useful strategies.

Studiare / Learn !

I want to study Spanish and Romanian so I try to show the best strategies for learning a new language:

1) Make language-learning a lifestyle change. Find a language habit that you can follow. 

2) Play house with the language. I think that if you want to study a new language you should invite a foreign language into your daily life. Use every opportunity to get exposed to the new language. 

3) Let technology help you out. I think that a funny thing is resetting the language on your phone which can help you learn new words. 

4) Watch undubbed versions of your favorite movies.

5)  Make new friends. Interacting in the new language is key. Find native speakers near you. Or search for foreign penpals or set up a language tandem online, where two volunteers help one another practice their respective languages.

and particulary

6) Do not worry about making mistakes. One of the most common barriers to conversing in a new language is the fear of making mistakes. 

And also:

                                                                                       google.pl

Can translator work in both language directions equally well? What do you think?

It’s very rare when a translator is able to translate equally well in both directions. Even if translator speaks fluently both languages. Writing well with correct grammar requires particular skills and expertise than spoken fluency. In general, a translator working into his native language is less likely to make grammatical errors. Moreover translator is more likely to be able to produce text in the desired style of the target language. Conversely, a translator working from his or her native language is less likely to make mistakes in comprehension of the source text, but is more likely to make grammatical errors and to be limited in his or her command of syntax and style in producing the translation. In addition, in certain specialized fields it is simply not possible to find a good translator who is a native speaker of the target language and has the requisite field-specific knowledge to understand the topic.